Category: Uncategorized

Mantra– 5G NR defines a flexible frame structure that efficiently supports a variety of services and deployment scenarios.Brief Explanation. Like LTE, a radio frame in NR is 10 ms long and consists of two half frames or 10 subframes. While an LTE subframe has two slots, an NR subframe has one or more variable-length slots. […]

Mantra: 5G NR can make use of a variety of beamforming techniques such as digital beamforming, analog beamforming, and hybrid beamforming.Brief Explanation. 4G LTE has traditionally used digital beamforming, where digital modulation symbols are transformed at the transmitter such that the receiver experiences a signal with higher signal strength and SINR. For example, one antenna […]

Mantra. 5G NR introduces new coding techniques of polar coding and LDPC coding to replace convolutional coding and turbo coding, respectively. Brief Explanation. Two main coding techniques in LTE are convolutional coding and turbo coding. Convolutional coding is simple and used to protect few bits of information such as physical layer (PDCCH) signaling that allocates […]

Mantra: 5G defines more comprehensive QoS compared to LTE to enable realization of highly diverse services.Brief Explanation. The basic granularity of QoS control in 5G is a QoS Flow. A QoS Flow could be Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) or non-GBR. A special type of a new GBR bearer in 5G is delay-critical GBR. A QoS […]

Mantra: Edge computing places Application Servers close to the user, which reduces end-to-end latency and transport bandwidth requirements. Brief Explanation. 3GPP supports edge computing, where a local User Plane Function (UPF) close to the user is selected so that the user traffic between the device and the Application Server travels for a relatively short distance. […]

Mantra: Virtualization and automation technologies such as NFV, SDN, OpenStack, and orchestration facilitate deployment of 5G networks. Brief Explanation. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) virtualizes a Network Function by (typically) deploying software on generic Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) hardware. NFV reduces costs and provides scalability and agility. Software Defined Networking (SDN) centralizes networking intelligence to […]

Mantra: The Service Based Architecture in 5G uses Network Functions that carry out specific functions.Brief Explanation. LTE uses Reference Point based network architecture, where a limited set of network nodes carry out specific functions using pony-to-point logical interfaces. 5G defined more than a dozen Network Functions ( NFs) , with each NF performing a limited […]

Mantra: In 5G, the NR air interface provides superior performance compared to 4G LTE.Brief Explanation.The New Radio (NR) air interface includes several enhancements relative to LTE. NR is a beamformed air interface with fewer beams in low frequency bands and more beams at high frequency bands. The flexible NR frame structure supports variable-length slots, symbol-based […]

Mantra: In support of a wide variety of target 5G services and industries or verticals, 5G is expected to support a wide variety of devices such as smartphones, headsets, displays, and countless types of IoT devices. Brief Explanation: Target 5G usage scenarios include eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. 3GPP initially focused on eMBB in Release 15 […]

Mantra: Key building blocks of 5G include the NR air interface, new radio and core networks, virtualization and automation technologies, and a variety of devices. Brief Explanation:3GPP defined 5G in Release 15, which can meet ITU’s IMT-2020 (informally, 5G) performance requirements. The New Radio (NR) air interface features include flexible OFDM numerologies, flexible frame structure, […]